After the debate, students expressed beliefs closer to their debate position than before (Scott, 1957). 51 0 obj Cognitive dissonance is when we experience conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. GzXfc^+"R89DP{va3'72IKmr(6*k&LCl7pK)rMTvlTx6Gdo-mnsU Which of the following is not a factor that influences attitude formation? Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. >> ]B|07oS8x 7\>Hu0Y(ax/oFpr9&wcN/lLvxva 0]pr8g7o>:kIR,7V_ so4;OO8{B9D W}evewdJ|zCjmgO41b:f~fH4RZHn%j0d&@0yuV;Yhr.a3{Zolv8=e":1'>TwO_3[p]%zX{H[g*uW?:4?= In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______. Yet no one calls the police. This project has received funding from the, You are free to copy, share and adapt any text in the article, as long as you give, Select from one of the other courses available, https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance, Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. This illustrates, If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is, more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking, When trying to persuade an audience, the message should. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as repeatedly. /N 8 This is most like which of the following techniques? You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). 0000011828 00000 n Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. Scott, W. A. What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? Which event or moment has the greatest effect on the author's decision to protest? From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? endobj In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______. The Effects of Prejudice, Stereotype & Discrimination This subtle dynamic makes cognitive dissonance a powerful tool for changing attitudes. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? We mentioned in the introduction that Janis and King (1954; 1956) in explaining their findings, proposed an explanation in terms of the self-convincing effect of mental rehearsal [p. 209] and thinking up new arguments by the person who had to improvise a speech. the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. They present some evidence, which is not altogether conclusive, in support of this explanation. Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. In the other two conditions, however, the Ss told someone that these tasks were interesting and enjoyab1e. 47 14 From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. >> Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. As the E and the S started to walk to the office where the interviewer was, the E said: "Thanks very much for working on those tasks for us. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? According to Festinger and Carlsmith, the participants experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions of telling someone that a particular task is interesting when the truth is, they found it rather uninteresting and boring. A theory of cognitive dissonance. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. These recordings were transcribed and then rated, by two independent raters, on five dimensions. The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. endobj As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. Hence, his cognition of his private belief is dissonant with his cognition concerning his actual public statement. How would a social psychologist describe this situation? endobj They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss. /ID[<6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064><6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064>] Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. After the S agreed to do it, the E gave him the previously mentioned sheet of paper headed "For Group B" and asked him to read it through again. 0000010779 00000 n Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." If a person is induced to do or say something which is contrary to his private opinion, there will be a tendency for him to change his opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has done or said. You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of. Patrick has a strong_____. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of, A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through, People can reduce cognitive dissonance by, forming new cognitions to justify their behavior, Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. His task was to turn each peg a quarter turn clockwise, then another quarter turn, and so on. /ImageB The Control condition gives us, essentially, the reactions of Ss to the tasks and their opinions about the experiment as falsely explained to them, without the experimental introduction of dissonance. We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were___________. In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color. A similar rating of the over-all content of what the S said. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. soc. xc```c``Ab,@rb0Sb3``!`m@y"f@00]`ah|GC "$ The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. The true purpose of the experiment was then explained to the S in detail, and the reasons for each of the various steps in the experiment were explained carefully in relation to the true purpose. The dissonance could, consequently, be reduced by magnifying the importance of this cognition. 3. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. Or is there something more nuanced at play? Festinger, L. (1957). 5. Chris is showing, Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. Relat., 1956, 9, 177-186. The subjects who received $1 did not have a very good reason to lie. In the process, people look at the images portrayed by others as something obtainable and realistic, and subsequently, make comparisons among themselves, others and the idealized images. Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance? Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. Would the subject say that the experiment as he had experienced it was actually likely to measure Don't have time for it all now? Festinger and Carlsmith - cognitive dissonance , Cognitive consequences of Forced Compliance. All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. 112 His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. The more scientifically important they considered the experiment to be, the less was the total magnitude of dissonance. The importance of this announcement will become clear shortly. Every individual has his or her own way of evaluating their own selves and usually this is done by comparing themselves to others. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. The questions are as follows: As may be seen, the questions varied in how directly relevant they were to what the S had told the girl. (The secretary had left the office.) Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. Cognitive Dissonance. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. Hence, the alternative explanation discussed above cannot account for the findings. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. endobj Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963) What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. The discussion between the S and the girl was recorded on a hidden tape recorder. Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment. In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. The results were surprising to Festinger. We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. An experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) brought cognitive dissonance theory to the attention of American social psychologists. 50 0 obj The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. B. The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. A fraction of the participants (the control group) was thanked and let go after an interview. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. /Prev 679084 What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? Dr. Nekita Fuller But Nicole's mom was so excited, Nicole couldn't bear to disappoint her. Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people are called________. in the experiment we varied the amount of reward used to force persons to make a statement contrary to their private views. Scott, W. A. The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. 0000001089 00000 n /Linearized 1.0 This is. Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. How are these 100 people likely to respond? endobj 80 0 obj <> endobj Most Ss responded by saying something like "Oh, no, it's really very interesting. Check out our quiz-page with tests about: Explorable.com (Nov 21, 2010). Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. e_@{:o>A~66O;_w0diF] S X'vk@*g%^?TIg.hi:l'z$-~ >,D tZ)+;=bz-{;(j;C+RC?2jyy.B{WqJx~CaV&+*N4h\2%5$rT `L#%rl2`8tl Ec_\kf"~BY You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. _____ is the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. Those who were paid $1 rated the activity a positive 1.35 (+1.35), while those who were paid $20 gave it a rating of negative 0.5 (-0.5). Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? One S (in the One Dollar condition), immediately after having talked to the girl, demanded her phone number saying he would call her and explain things, and also told the E he wanted to wait until she was finished so he could tell her about it. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. We would also like to acknowledge the help of Ruth Smith and Marilyn M. Miller. 0000000015 00000 n those paid $1 changed their opinion more to reduce dissonance while those paid $20 had a motivational reason to enjoy the task so they experienced less dissonance, people change their opinions to reduce dissonance when they are forced to do something they dont like, Lab experiment with interview; independent sample design, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith (1959), Psych 203 Thoughts out of tune festinger and, Tversky and Kahneman 1981 biases in thinking, Topic Two: Population and Community Ecology, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. That is it. endstream endobj startxref Marco is using an example of. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. In the One Dollar condition, since the magnitude of dissonance was high, the pressure to reduce this dissonance would also be high. A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. trailer If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the, When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes, In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task, convinced themselves that the task was interesting, Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. . Were the tasks interesting and enjoyable? While the S was working on these tasks the E sat, with a stop watch in his hand, busily making notations on a sheet of paper. When the participants were asked to evaluate the experiment, the participants who were paid only $1 rated the tedious task as more fun and enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 to lie. That is, in the One Dollar condition they may have rehearsed it more mentally, thought up more ways of saying it, may have said it more convincingly, and so on. %%EOF They had not enjoyed the experiment, but now they were asked to lie and say they had enjoyed it. A rating of the amount of time in the discussion that the S spent discussing the tasks as opposed to going off into irrelevant things. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. xref The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. Jane nonetheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety. 48 0 obj The results on this question are shown in the second row of figures in Table 1. I hope you did enjoy it. correct. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. York University, Toronto, Ontario. Explanation: In the experiment Festinger and Carlsmith asked the participants to do a dull task. In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales. There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. OP>$O '@n#} C According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about. At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. The first area is whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable at all. In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? 0000000974 00000 n In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? [p. 208] In the Twenty Dollar condition, where less dissonance was created experimentally because of the greater importance of the consonant relations, there is correspondingly less evidence of dissonance reduction. It is clear from examining the table that, in all cases, the Twenty Dollar condition is slightly higher The differences are small, however, and only on the rating of "amount of time" does the difference between the two conditions even approach significance. This is an example of, The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to. It shows people will do anything to fit in with the group. hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is. This was rated in the same way as for the content before the remark. He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. Then, identify the underlined modifier by writing P for positive degree, C for comparative degree, or S for superlative degree. [1] The experiment reported here was done as part of a program of research supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to the senior author. He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. Half of the Please select the correct language below. In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. New York Times, p.C1. dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less In groupthink, members of the group______. $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. When experimenters asked later for the truth, the highly paid subjects said the experiment was actually boring. Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. _______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility. /Type/Page $K{.-hC ;{l8S stream :>"we>WN,}Arj*L^{l"C9](j0xfyK.1^8 jKbE#/`^%]Ply48o~9cw+ecw/j;k`t)# -3ffua0D@~1` cp \nO7uF& o>u$]oK' 2WBxK>rVyRZ 7%M6xdKmUD}],'WpaB2t$t@^K,JLiM 6H] WA@'n. 2. Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. Therefore the person's attitude changes. A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. ", 3. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. (p.47) Control condition. Which of the following statements is TRUE? Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment entitled "Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance". Specifically, they showed that if a person is forced to improvise a speech supporting a point of view with which he disagrees, his private opinion moves toward the position advocated in the speech. Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates.
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