In fact, MDMA therapy may become legal for clinical use by the end of 2022. They are convex when young, lifting to become wavy in maturity. [5][6] Since all the psychoactive compounds in P. cyanescens are water-soluble, the fruiting bodies can be rendered non-psychoactive through parboiling, allowing their culinary use. Its main compounds responsible for creating psychedelic effects are psilocybin and psilocin. Stijve and Kuyper, in a 1985 analysis of P. cyanescens from Europe, found 0.1-0.8 percent psilocybin, 0.04-0.47 percent psilocin, and 0.01-0.03 percent baeocystin. This species is well known for its potency, yet its growth patterns also make it quite remarkable; wavy caps thrive in mulched wood chip beds. [6], North American specimens of P. cyanescens are among the most potent of psychedelic mushrooms. In the US, the Shroomery network reports finding Psilocybe cyanescens in several states, including Alaska, California, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, and Washington. When? Get our definitive guide on trusted legal retreat centers, clinical trials, therapists, and more. However, if you prefer to go the DIY route, Third Wave has prepared a thorough and easy-to-follow guide on how to do just that. 2. Once you find which active species occur in your area, search for them on Mushroom Observer and iNaturalist. She usually found them during autumn in the woodland parts of Kew Gardens, located in southwest London. In 1942 mycologist Elise Wakefield published a description of a curious mushroom she had observed growing in Londons Kew Gardens. They are a common species in the US, preferring the Oceanic climate of the Pacific Northwest and occurring along the West Coast, from Vancouver down to California. Psilocybe azurescens are endemic to the West Coast of the USA. )[6][8], Other related species may include P. weraroa, and these relatives are collectively referred to as the "Psilocybe cyanescens complex" or as the "caramel-capped psilocybe complex," due to their extremely similar appearance and habit. resemble young specimens of P cyanescens with their caramel-brown cap, but have a brown stem with an annulus. Krieglsteiner shed new light a variety of mycological collections obtained from wood debris about 30 years ago5, 6 It is now clear, however, that Psilocybe cyanescens was not in this collection. Psilocybe cyanescens. 100,000 P. cyanescens fruits were once found growing on a racetrack in the south of England. The psychoactive Gymnopilus and Inocybe species are difficult to distinguish from their relatives, some of which may be poisonous. And any other recommendations for someone just like you. Where can I buy the spores that become psilocybin? Is hard but then they start Fruiting and he says its like watching babies grow fast! It tends to bruise from a darkish blue to darkish green when touched. I am now in the evening of my life with more to do and a burning desire for the ultimate comeback to greatness. The cultivation of P. cyanescens is also illegal in many countries and is considered manufacture. Those who choose to partake in foraging or choose to cultivate these unique mushrooms take upon themselves considerable legal risk in this era of prohibition. 100,000 P. cyanescens fruits were once found growing on a racetrack in the . On the other hand, legalization removes all penalties related to the drug and permits its sale and commercialization. To date, the effect has been reported from wood-inhabiting species of Psilocybe mushrooms such as P. azurescens, P. cyanescens, P. allenii, and P. subaeruginosa. British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec. However, some experts recommend reclassifying psilocybin to take advantage of these medicinal uses. The methods the Aussies use to make subaeruginosa wood chip beds will work perfectly for wavy caps! We recommend Paul Stametss book, Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World: An Identification Guide, to learn about non-toxic psilocybin shrooms in your region. Beaty Biodiversity Museum Aura8 (2014). Required fields are marked *. Psilocybe semilanceata also goes by Liberty Caps because of their dark bell-shaped tops. [7] This rapid expansion of range may be due in part to the simple expedient of P. cyanescens mycelium having colonized the distribution network of woodchip suppliers and thus being distributed on a large scale with commercial mulch. Like most other psychedelics, acid has dozens of therapeutic value in the treatment of mental health disorders. Here is a list of vetted apps to help you easily distinguish magic mushrooms from toxic varieties worldwide. However, before you begin, you must learn how to identify mushroom species. Learn more about this specific species of mushrooms. Psilocybe cyanescens comes with a word of cautionas with P. azurescens and related species, wavy caps may cause a phenomenon known as Wood Lovers Paralysis (WLP). Most psychedelics carry up to a year in prison and a $1000 fine. Wavy Cap Mushrooms | DoubleBlind (https://youtu.be/ls210Fo6z9Y), Liberty Caps are Among the Most Potent Magic Mushrooms, Lucid Dreaming 101: What It Is and How to Go About It, Why Mindfulness Practitioners are Better Positioned to Trip on Psychedelics. Our friends at DoubleBlind have put together an amazing course on mushroom growing and you are entitled to a 20% discount if you use the code ENTHEO at checkout. Mushroom hunting is a great way to reconnect with nature and get out of the busy city life, and just a fun activity to try out on your free days, when the conditions are right. Once youve learned which psychedelic fungi to go after and how to recognize them in the wild, youre going to want to know exactly when they can be found. does anyone know of any supplements I can take that will help me grow. Bermuda, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guayana, Guyana, Honduras, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, and Venezuela. The main compounds responsible for its psychedelic effects are psilocybin and psilocin. I am so interested in trying this magic mushroom for health reasons. In addition to purple-blue sporesa featured shared by some poisionous lookalikes mentioned aboveits also important to look for other discernable features, like a separable pellicle and fibrous stems. [citation needed], Psilocybe cyanescens, like many other psilocybin containing mushrooms, is sometimes cultivated. [5] Yield per pound of substrate is low when compared to other psilocybin containing mushrooms for both indoor and outdoor cultivation. Psilocybe cyanescens (sometimes referred to as wavy caps or as the potent Psilocybe[1]) is a species of potent psychedelic mushroom. 2021 DoubleBlind Mag | Privacy Policy | Refunds. Can you help me? DMT is a naturally-occurring compound responsible for producing profound psychedelic experiences. The forests throughout the Pacific Northwest (mostly in Northern California, Oregon, and Washington). [5] P. cyanescens does not grow on substrate that is not lignin-rich. Their caps are sticky to the touch thanks to an outer gelatinous layer called a pellicle, which is removable if the cap is broken carefully. If youre in Europe, you have quite a few choices: the Netherlands, Austria, Czech Republic, Spain, and Portugal. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, "Aliens in the Flowerbeds: The fungal biodiversity of ornamental woodchips", "Detecting psychoactive drugs in the developmental stages of mushrooms", "Erowid Psilocybin Mushroom Vault: Law: Legality of Psilocybin Mushroom Spores", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psilocybe_cyanescens&oldid=1137289526, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 February 2023, at 21:18. Whats the Difference Between Legalization & Decriminalization? I have so many reasons I could use this to help me. Psilocybe cyanescens are widely scattered to densely gregarious on woodchips, sawdust, mulch, and humus, and on lawns rich in lignin; partial to coniferous debris, but fond of alder and eucalyptus. This species is a cold-loving species, with fruiting triggered by a drop in temperatures. Before heading out hunting for wild magic mushrooms, carefully study the images of the mushrooms which are growing around you. It is fairly common in the San Francisco Bay Area in cold weather (mainly December and January, though in favorable conditions . Thats all there is to it. Choose Wisely. The Netherlands, of course,outlawed psilocybin mushrooms back in 2008, but magic truffles are perfectly legal to purchase and consume. I plan on taking some of each to my local agricultural extension office expert to determine the edible from the poisonous ones, but dont want to end up bringing in a bag of toadstools and magic mushrooms. But, wavy caps share the same smooth, viscous appearance when moist. Fortunately, mushrooms grow naturally in most areas of the world. Panaeolus cyanescens (previously known as Copelandia cyanescens) are called Blue Meanies. Thats because this long-stemmed and light brown variety packs an intense punch and turns dark blue when you pick them. [22], Countries that have banned or severely regulated the possession of P. cyanescens include the United States, Germany, New Zealand, and many others. Leave purplish brown to black spore prints. The reports describe how some people experience a loss of muscle strength and motor control that can persist into the following day. At times, photos can be insufficient for 100% identification, or it may seem like you have found a species of mushroom not common for the area you foraged in. This mushroom (magical) is valued by myself. Shroomery.org keeps an extensive list of magic mushroom species to be found in each state in the US and most countries worldwide. Krieglsteiner shed new light a variety of mycological collections obtained from wood debris about 30 years ago 5, 6 It is now clear, however, that Psilocybe cyanescens was not in this collection. Wavy caps are a cold-loving species found in the northern hemisphere, they favor an oceanic climate. The only way to find magic mushrooms is to study their characteristics and get experience in mushroom hunting. Tasmania and Victoria (Australia), New Zealand. Thats because some varieties are mildly poisonous and even deadly. Below is a more specific overview of where to find magic mushrooms in different countries around the world and what species to expect. Oh, and you can find them growing all over Europe, too. Any help is greatly appreciated. Finally, if foraging adventures sound risky or require a bit too much effort for you, you can always consider growing your own shrooms! Spore prints are easy to make. serbica. With Third Waves Mushrooms Grow Kit and Course, you know exactly the type of mushrooms youre harvesting. However, as weve already mentioned, please exercise utmost caution when going wild mushroom huntingmany species are toxic, some can even be lethaland to an untrained eye, the differences may not be so apparent. Psillow Psychedelics like magic mushrooms may offer. Third Wave How to Find Psychedelic Mushrooms. Psilocybe cyanescens, like all mushrooms of the Psilocybe genus, have a hygrophanous nature, meaning their coloration shifts depending on hydration levels. Proper idenitification of Psilocybesparticularly when wild foragingis absolutely essential. (It is illegal to possess spores in Georgia and Idaho, and illegal to possess them with the intent to produce mushrooms in California.) They will readily grow in urban garden beds mulched with a variety of wood chips. Awesome post! Well, does the purple strain have to be present? Of these, a few have always been iconic. (Bad Idea), Orissa India Shroom Strain: One of the Largest and Most Potent Cubensis Strains, What Is the Psilocybin Cup? Generated in 0.018 seconds spending 0.006 seconds on 4 queries. Tree bark, fallen leaves, animal dung, mulch, or compost can sprout mushrooms if they contain these nutrients. This is not uncommon with the wood-loving psilocybes, with P. azurescens, and P. subaeruginosa, also known to do well in urban environments. Care should be taken when foraging for P. cyanescens as there are many species that look similar which should be treated with caution. 3 months ago he was was able to procure some mushrooms and to our utter amazement, his lifelong depression disappeared. Fruitings have been reported in natural settings previously (although most appear to be migrations from mulched plant . The odor and taste are farinaceous, flour-like. Aztecs, Mayas, and other ancient Mesoamerican cultures, 227 accepted and classified psilocybin mushroom species. Psilocybin primarily affects the default mode network and amygdala while stimulating neuroplasticity. No single feature sets psilocybin species apart from medicinal or poisonous varieties. [11], Fresh sporocarps and mycelia of P. cyanescens generally bruise blueish or blue-green where damaged, and the staining remains visible after drying. Disclaimer: Although magic mushrooms abundantly grow in nature, their recreational consumption is still illegal in most of the world. Sorry Greg and sweet Sarah forgot to check back in hereI would be happy to share my thoughts in private. Unlike P. azurescens, Wavy Caps do not have a prominent umbo, the pointed tip at the top of some mushroom caps. Panaeolopsis nirimbii (phylogenetically in the Panaeolus cinctulus group) (. The text of the entry was as follows: . Wakefield took note of the mushrooms apparent bluing reaction at the time. Under federal law, hemp-derived delta 8 THC and delta 10 THC are legal throughout the US. In the meantime, you can read through an overview of that here: https://www.google.com/url?q=https://thethirdwave.co/cultivate-mushrooms/&sa=D&source=editors&ust=1634326714906000&usg=AOvVaw2nLEwWGHCjJ0MPL8_0CMw- Hope this helps . This change began with the updated 2018 Farm Bill, which legalized hemp and its derivatives. It is worth noting that harvesting Psilocybe cyanescens is a potential felony enforced by local law enforcement agencies in most places worldwide. Magic mushrooms need moisture for optimal growth. Panaeolus cyanescens sightings in the U.S. include. Saprophytic mushrooms obtain nutrients from decaying materialdecomposing wood chips, for the Wavy Cap. If you live in New Mexico, even growing mushrooms is legal. New York is a progressive state regarding drug laws, although there is still a lot of work to be done. Ive never stumbled upon psychedelic shrooms in the humid south during the best season while hiking in perfect areas for the huge range of all fungi, and with a person who is an actual Mycologists. Currently living in Southeast Asia and working as a staff writer for several major psychedelic websites. Today, the fungus grows and is consumed worldwide. The most likely to cause concern are species from the genus Galerina, which can be deadly by virtue of the fact they contain amatoxinspoisons unique to fungi. Shroomery.org forums can also be extremely useful in helping identify your foraging bounty. editorial process and fact-checking here. [6] Cultivated P. cyanescens contain approximately the same concentration of psilocin and psilocybin as natural examples do. Beware of Fly Agaric, it isnt recommended by my friend. Fruiting begins with a simulation of a fall environment, at temperatures between 10-18 C (50-65 F). DoubleBlind Mag is devoted to fair, rigorous reporting by leading experts and journalists in the field of psychedelics. There is currently no satisfactory explanation, and a few theories abound, but a compound called aeruginascin is touted as a possible culprit. Which psilocybin mushrooms grow wild in my area? I hope this could be the future treatment of a lot of diseases. This article should contain enough info to get you started on your mushroom-sourcing venture. Psilocybe cyanescens are among the most potent magic mushrooms, reaching a whopping 1.96 percent of active compound content by dry weight in North America. some photos would be helpful, but I appreciate this information, I purchased spores and plugs this year online, made a special mushroom garden and because I used a mix of horse and cow manure, I have NO IDEA which mushrooms are the ones I planted or if they are edible or poisonous. Hoping to find someone who I can show a few picks to who might actually know.!? Psilocybin-containing mushrooms commonly known as magic mushrooms, have been used since ancient times for their mind healing properties. [1] Mycelium can also be propagated via stem butt transplantation. Canadian Psilocybe cyanescens sightings include: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, England, France, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, Ireland, Poland, Serbia, and Switzerland. The southeastern part of Australia, especially New South Wales and Victoria, are home to numerous species of magic mushrooms. Psilocybe cyanescens, more commonly known as "wavy caps" are a species of psilocybin-containing mushroom that is common worldwide, and very potent, especially compared to the more common Psilocybe cubensis. [3][4] The mushroom is not generally regarded as being physically dangerous to adults. One of the greatest benefits of home growing is trying strains from around the world and cultivating a year-long supply without going anywhere. One of the present authors (J. G.) has studied these mushrooms since 1986 and found genuine Psilocybe bohemica in the Czechoslovakia in 1986 and later in 1989. We do not encourage our readers to engage in illegal activities; this guide should be used only for harm reduction purposes by those who already have their hearts set on finding magic mushrooms in the wild. They have a purple-black spore print and are poisonous. They tend to have brown caps with white stems and a purple-black spore print, and some can be poisonous. Both recreational and medicinal marijuana are legal in New York. Plus, using them will contribute to the global pool of mycology knowledge. [citation needed], North American fruiting bodies of P. cyanescens have been shown to contain between 0.66% and 1.96% total indole content by dry weight. [7] Solitary fruits are sometimes also found. Psilocybe cubensis are more abundant than Psilocybe subcubensis, but you can find them growing in the same areas. No, MDMA (ecstasy) is illegal in New York. So, it can be difficult to tell certain species apart without taking a closer look. Granada, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Trinidad. It produces a lot of fruit in thick clusters. If youre looking to try mushrooms in a structured, legal setting, consider a guided psilocybin retreat in the Netherlands with our trusted partner, Synthesis, or visit our Psychedelic Directory for a complete list of vetted psilocybin retreats worldwide. However, selling it is still illegal and often carries severe prison sentences. Psilocybe cyanescens often fruits gregariously or in cespitose clusters, sometimes in great numbers. Discover many types of psychedelic medicines, what they are commonly used for, and various ways to source them safely. This applies not just to picking magic mushroomseven if you dont find what youve set out for, odds are you will be able to prepare some delicious edible fungi for dinner. [12] It has also been shown that Psilocybe weraroa (previously known as Weraroa novae-zelandiae) is very closely related to P. cyanescens despite its vastly dissimilar appearance.[12]. Lawmakers passed this law in March 2021 after dozens of failed attempts to legalize it. Cortinarius spp. Thanks for sharing and love your site, Way to go bro. Although this is difficult to enforce since no species of Psilocybe mushroom has spores containing psilocybin or psilocin. Hi, Ive heard of this kind of help for severe depression Ive been suffering from it most of my life Im 50 now and Ive never tried mushrooms but I wanted to try them for this purpose could you maybe recommend or suggest any certain type of these mushrooms that are suited best for this it would be greatly appreciated. Thanks man. The rhizomorphs of P. cyanescens can help identify this species. Possessing any amount of LSD may cost you a year in prison and a hefty fine. Some magic mushroom species look quite distinct, while many appear indistinguishable from similar species to the untrained eye. [2] She had begun collecting the species as early as 1910. So here we give you a brief description of each one. Yes, you can find psychedelic mushrooms growing throughout New York state. Well also discuss psilocybins therapeutic benefits and which magic mushroom species can be found growing around New York state. I took some for the first time last year. Additionally, if you live in the US (except California, Georgia, or Idaho), you can legally buy mushroom spores because they dont yet contain psilocybin or psilocin, the active psychedelic elements. The rust-brown spore print is helpful in identifying species from this genera. Mark, is there any way at all to chat in private? In the state of New York..these are the mushrooms i would be looking for; Amanita muscaria Amanita pantherina Conocybe cyanopus Gymnopilus liquirita Gymnopilus luteofolius Gymnopilus luteus Gymnopilus spectabilis Gymnopilus validipes Panaeolus castaneifolius Panaeolus fimicola Panaeolus subbalteatus Psilocybe retirugis Psilocybe caerulipes North Spore Mushroom Grow Kits & Cultivation Supplies. Both recreational and medicinal marijuana are legal in New York. They have a thick stem, a broad brown/yellow cap, and a skirt-like annulus. Magic mushrooms can be found in forests of almost all countries with a temperate climate, especially throughout Central Europe and all over France. Fifty-three grow in Mexico, 22 in the USA and Canada, 19 in Australasia (Australia, New Zealand, and relatively nearby islands), 16 in Europe, and 15 in Asia. They are poisonous and potentially deadly as they contain amatoxins, the same toxins found in Death Caps, properly known as Amanita phalloides. [citation needed] The two mushrooms have generally similar habits and appearances, and bear a superficial resemblance to each other such that inexperienced mushroom-seekers may confuse the two. Aside from the Shroomery forums, you can use the following tools: These pages contain images and timestamps of harvested fungi submitted by mushroom hunters worldwide. [6], Psilocybe cyanescens specimens do not fall under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances because the convention does not cover naturally occurring plants that incidentally contain a scheduled drug. I have found this website extremely helpful in my journey to becoming a happy person. If you want to make absolutely certain the wild mushrooms you picked are indeed psychoactive, you can make a spore print and upload it to Shroomery. Current thought suggests that different growing substrates may contribute to variations in alkaloid concentrations in the fungi. Psilocybe cyanescens grows today primarily on wood chips, especially in and along the perimeter of mulched plant beds in urban areas,[3] but can also grow on other lignin-rich substrates. Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for May 2003. So far, there are some 227 accepted and classified psilocybin mushroom species. The southern half of Mexico is brimming with magic mushrooms. Some of the most common magic mushrooms youll find in New York include: Lately, research about the medicinal uses of psilocybin has been more active than ever. guide on the international legality of psilocybin. Psilocybe spores should be purple-black in color. Make sure to obey the law and stay safe in your search, and, as always, in your psychonautical endeavors. $ 29.99. Wavy caps grow readily within mulched garden beds; they like shady areas with good moisture. Dry air and wind can easily kill them. Surprisingly, magic mushroom spores are legal in New York (and most other states). Can I share a photo with you in private? 1 It appears that the distribution of . Possessing any controlled substances could lead to a year in prison and a $1000 fine. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Subscribe, Rate & Review EntheoNation on iTunes, Keys to Decolonizing Plant Medicine Workbook, Modern Shamanic Guide to Sacred Amazonian Snuff, Psychedelic Integration Career Guide eBook, Quickstart Guide to Microdosing Ayahuasca Vine, Quickstart Guide to Microdosing Magic Mushrooms, Uncensored Guide to Ayahuasca Preparation. Wakefield noted the decided indigo-blue color which develops on both stem and pileus when handled, comparing it to the American species P. caerulescens Murr. Psilocybe cyanescens in this regard is no different. Secure your supply with DoubleBlind! Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. It contains the largest and most diverse botanical and mycological collections in the world. Plants traveled from all areas of the globe to make it to the gardens, and plenty of fungi joined the voyage. Follow This Project As It Develops Sign Up For Our Monthly Newsletter To Receive News & Updates, Summary of Psychedelic Drug Laws in New York, Decriminalization Status of Magic Mushrooms in the United States, Where to Buy Magic Mushroom Spores in New York. Most parts of the mushroom, including the cap and Lamellae (gills, underneath the cap) can stain blue when touched or otherwise disturbed, probably due to the oxidation of psilocin. Take note of where exactly they grow, what time of year, what the habitat was like and what they were growing on. You can access information about poisoning by calling your local poisons hotline. Beaty Biodiversity Museum Volk, T. (2003). Being an older person and enjoying them is great. Cover the cap with a glass and leave for up to 24 hours. This species typically fruits between late October and February in Western states. However, cultivation of this species is much more complex than cultivating Psilocybe cubensis, making it a mushroom that is usually found through foraging in the wild. Alabama, North Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. ConclusionAfter growing my own, I have developed a prescription that will heal you from whatever ails you. New York recently decriminalized marijuana, although most other psychoactive plants and compounds remain illegal. Although the species was first named and described from a collection in the United Kingdom (in New or interesting British fungi by Dennis & Wakefield, 1946), its true origins are likely the United States. when temperatures are between 10-18 C (50-65 F). Interested in having a psychedelic experience, but don't know where to start? Users also describe P. natalensis as smooth, euphoric, & visually stimulating. Thank you for sharing and spreading awareness! The mushrooms are not only popular with those looking for more substantial experiences but for those who wish to use them for microdosing as well. As for the rest of the countries, psilocybin has undergone decriminalization, which means that its either alright to possess small amounts for personal use. Simply upload the photos if youre not completely sure what youve got and the community will rally to offer its taxonomy. Thats awesome. If the mushroom is very fresh, this step should take only a few hours. Its vital to understand the distinction, as many states and countries are currently taking a stance on the topic. Thanks. [5] Outdoor cultivation in an appropriate climate is relatively easy. The caps are often caramel brown, but the color fades to pale bluff, yellow, or cream as moist cap tissuehygrophanous tissuedries out. Finally, Mycotopia is an online community where you can consult with fellow psychonauts about any questions you may have. Unfortunately, however, most modern governments ban their use. For those of you interested in finding wild shrooms be very careful,,,most all shrooms have a poisonous look ah like, just because it bruises blue does not mean its a shroom.some poisonous verities bruise blue also always identify by spore print.. also do not eat them fresh out of a field or forest,there is a few parasites that can make you very sick and there is a parasite that infects slugs and snails that you could ingest and it will kill you and could take years for you to die.. horrible way to go ..anyway be very careful..do your homework,study what you find with no intention of ever consuming what you find until your 100% certain you are correct with your identification.. HELLO FORMER GROWER AND SUCH EXPERIENCED USER FOUND BRILLIANT PURPLE SMALL CUBENSIS LOOKING ONES ON EAST COAST DEEP FOREST FLOOR TODAY AND AFTER TOUGHING THEM ONLY I WAS TRIPPING, ONLY THING IS WE CANNOT IDENTIFY THEM YET, Your email address will not be published.
Massage Mokena, Il,
1990 Score Football Series 2 Most Valuable Cards,
Nona Crowd Loon Wife,
Asis Recruitment Process,
Articles P
